| Daily Intake of Copper from Drinking Water among Young Children in Sweden Rolf Pettersson1 and Finn Rasmussen2 1Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
2Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element that may cause intoxication if intake becomes excessive. Young children are at risk of intoxication because of high consumption of drinking water and immature copper metabolism. The aims of this prospective study were to estimate concentrations of copper in drinking water, volumes of drinking water consumed by children, and children's daily intake of copper. Concentrations of copper in unflushed drinking water were analyzed for 1,178 children living in Uppsala and Malmö, Sweden, and concentrations and amounts of copper consumed from drinking water were estimated for 430 of these children, 9-21 months of age. The study children were from Swedish families, were not enrolled in publicly provided day care, and were not breast-fed more than three times a day. In the initial population, the 10th percentile for copper concentration in unflushed drinking water was 0.17 mg/L, the median was 0.72 mg/L, and the 90th percentile was 2.11 mg/L. In the subpopulation of 430 children, the 10th percentile for daily intake of copper from drinking water was 0.03 mg/L, the median was 0.32 mg/L, and the 90th percentile was 1.07 mg/L. The median daily intake of copper from drinking water was higher in Uppsala, at 0.46 mg, than in Malmö, at 0.26 mg. For groups of children whose families took part in a later prospective diary study, the copper concentration in consumed water could, to some extent, be predicted from the concentration of copper in unflushed drinking water. The lowest concentrations of copper in drinking water were found in households with old water-pipe systems and in those living in detached houses. A large proportion of the young children satisfied their daily requirement of copper solely from drinking water. About 10% of the children had a copper intake above the level recommended by the World Health Organization. Key words: children, copper exposure, daily intake, drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 107:441-446 (1999) . [Online 23 April 1999] http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1999/107p441-446pettersson/ abstract.html Address correspondence to R. Pettersson, Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital, S-541 85 Skövde, Sweden. Telephone: 46 500 43 22 92. Fax: 46 500 43 22 99. E-mail: rolf.pettersson@ltskar.se We thank the expert reference group at the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency for scientific advice and valuable criticism in planning this study. We also thank A. Oskarsson and B. Kjellman for their support, encouragement, and scientific criticism in the course of work with the study. This study was supported by grants from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Sweden's National Food Administration, the Council for Health and Disease Research at the University of Lund, the County Council of Uppsala, and the Swedish Water and Wastewater Works Association. Received 21 October 1997 ; accepted 1 October 1998.
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